The first operations that librarians automated were ones that enabled them to do their jobs more efficiently and accurately. It wasn't until the early 1980s that library users directly encountered library automation in the form of an automated online catalog.

Shortly after the deployment of online catalogs in a handful of libraries, I was one of several researchers who studied online catalog use and users in the Council on Library Resources-sponsored Nationwide Online Catalog Survey.

My analysis of surveys, focused-group intrviews, and transaction logs led to the publication of my first book, Subject Searching in Library Catalogs.

Some of the capabilities on the wishlists of those first online catalog users are features that digital library users take for granted such as the ability to search entire books and journal articles, and display text, tables, illustrations, and photographs.

However, the same problems that the first online catalog users encountered plague digital library users--large retrievals, finding the right search terms, selecting the right subject searching approach, and targeting the most appropriate source for their information needs.

By the early 1990s, the field's interest turned to digital libraries and the library of the future. My predictions about the library of the future are now more than a half decade old but you can read and evaluate them for yourself.

Currently, my research focuses on how digital library users select the right source to answer their questions. I am not entirely convinced that the solution to this vexing problem lies in automatic selection approaches. I believe that machines must partner with humans in source selection.

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